Kingdom of Alodia (Alwa) in the south, with capital at Soba near modern Khartoum, becomes the last of the three kingdoms to adopt Christianity. Controls the confluence of the Blue and White Niles and develops into a prosperous trading center described as having 'extensive dwellings and churches full of gold and gardens.'

Kingdom of Alodia reaches its zenith, possibly exceeding Makuria in size and economic prosperity. Arab geographer Ibn Hawqal describes Soba as a large city with beautiful buildings, gardens, and churches. Archaeological evidence shows trade connections to India, China, and the Middle East.

Kingdom of Alodia begins declining from invasions from the south, droughts, shift in trade routes, and possibly plague in the 14th century. Arab tribes increasingly migrate into the Upper Nile valley, gradually settling and intermarrying with local populations.

Funj leader Amara Dunqas allies with Arab leader Abdallah Jamma to defeat the Christian kingdom of Alodia at Soba. They establish the Funj Sultanate with its capital at Sennar on the Blue Nile. The new state, also known as the 'Black Sultanate' or 'Blue Sultanate,' represents a unique synthesis of indigenous African and Islamic Arab elements.

Capital city Soba is destroyed by an alliance of the emerging Funj people from the south and Abdallah Jamma's Arab forces. Marks the definitive end of Christian political authority in Nubia after nearly 1,000 years. Survivors flee north or convert to Islam. By 1523, traveler David Reubeni describes Soba as already in ruins.